The Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource for
Functional Sites in Proteins
Accession:
Functional site class:
Integrin RGD-type binding sites
Functional site description:
Integrins are cell adhesion-mediating receptors present in all metazoans. Each integrin is composed of one α and one β subunit; in humans, 18 α and 8 β subunits can combine to form 24 different dimers, each with unique ligand specificities. Eight of the human integrin dimers can recognize ligands with RGD motifs [D'Souza,1991], present in several proteins from humans and pathogens or parasites. The RGD core motif fits into a deep groove between the two subunits with the Arg residue contacting the α subunit and the Asp residue coordinating a divalent cation embedded in the β subunit, held in place by the Metal-Ion-Dependent Adhesion Site (MIDAS) [Xiong,2002], while the flanking residues modify specificity and affinity. The Arg can be replaced by other residues in certain ligands. In addition, an NGR sequence region can naturally degrade into isoDGR (where isoD is an L-Asp residue) through spontaneous deamidation, creating a functional reverse RGD-like binding motif [Curnis,2006].
ELMs with same func. site: LIG_Integrin_isoDGR_2  LIG_Integrin_KxxGD_FGGC_5  LIG_Integrin_RGD_1  LIG_Integrin_RGDSP_6  LIG_Integrin_RGD_TGFB_3  LIG_Integrin_RGDW_4 
ELM Description:
This motif can be found in proteins of the extracellular matrix and it is recognized by different members of the integrin family. The structure of the tenth type III module of fibronectin has shown that the RGD motif lies on a flexible loop.
Pattern: RGD
Pattern Probability: 0.0002366
Present in taxon: Metazoa
Interaction Domains:
o See 25 Instances for LIG_Integrin_RGD_1
o Abstract
Integrins are metazoan-specific receptors not present in the other crown group eukaryotes fungi or viridiplantae. All human cells express one or more of the 24 types of dimeric integrins spanning the plasma membrane [Barczyk,2009], which mediate signals between the intracellular space, and neighbouring cells or the extracellular matrix [Takada,2007; Campbell,2011; Hynes,2002]. The presence and ratio of various integrins reflect the cell’s function. Eight of the human integrins (αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8, α5β1, α8β1 and αIIbβ3), which resemble the evolutionarily most ancient metazoan integrins, can recognize RGD and RGD-like sequence patterns in their ligands [D'Souza,1991]: components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell surface proteins of cells or other extracellular signaling proteins. These interactions are central to regulating tissue integrity and tissue boundary formation [Julich,2015], blood clotting [Hook,2017], angiogenesis [Atkinson,2014] and bone formation [Marie,2014], and regulating nutrient absorption through gastrointestinal motility [Khalifeh-Soltani,2016], amongst other functions.

Due to their central roles in cellular communication, misregulation of integrins is implicated in a wide range of diseases. Several viruses, such as the foot-and-mouth disease virus, HIV, West Nile or HPV-16 [Hussein,2015; Asokan,2006] have RGD-like motifs embedded in their proteins that can attach to integrins on the host cell surface, aiding cell entry. Several other pathogens, including both bacteria and eukaryotes also harbour RGD-like motifs to interface with the host cells. Integrins are also known to be targeted by disintegrins [Calvete,2003], a class of proteins present in venoms of snakes from the Viperidae family, ticks, leeches and other parasites. Disintegrins form the strongest known integrin interactions with typical affinities in the low nanomolar - high picomolar range. In addition to pathogenesis, endogenous integrin misregulation is connected to non-pathogenic conditions including Alzheimer’s [Donner,2016], cystic fibrosis [Reed,2015], autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia [Lilja,2018]. A focal point of therapeutic integrin research is cancer [Seguin,2015], as integrins play pivotal roles in angiogenesis and metastasis. Yet, despite the nearly 80,000 publications on integrins, only a handful of integrin-drugs are available commercially, all targeting RGD-binding integrins. Eptifibatide (an antithrombotic drug), which is a result of semi-rational peptide design, is the only one where the integrin interacting region of a snake venom disintegrin was successfully copied and integrated into a cyclic peptide [Phillips,1997]. Apart from Eptifibatide, such efforts have also produced promising anti-cancer drug candidates, such as Cilengitide and peptides developed to slow down neovasculature formation [Corti,2008]. Other preliminary results show that integrin antagonists could provide a means against inflammatory diseases [Maiguel,2011], HIV infection [Arthos,2018], or could be used in regenerative medicine [Rocha,2018].

One of the reasons for the complexity of integrin regulation is the sensitivity of the downstream signaling to the structural details of ligand binding. While the core RGD motif is common to a wide range of ligands, the exact structural details of the binding determine if the ligand acts as a full or partial agonist or antagonist. There are four major alterations/additions to the presence of the RGD motif that influence this agonistic/antagonistic behaviour, as well as tuning the affinity of the binding and the selectivity profile of the ligand (i. e. which integrin dimers can it bind to):
- First, the flanking residues of the core RGD motif, especially the residues following the Asp, have a huge influence on selectivity and binding strength. Certain integrins have multiple binding modes and these flanking residues are able to determine which binding mode a given ligand will use. For example αv αvβ6 and αvβ8 integrins can bind ligands where the RGD and the following sequence region are in coil conformation, such as fibronectin. However, the same integrins can also bind ligands where RGD is followed by a short helix interacting with the β6 or β8 subunit via hydrophobic contacts, such as for TGFβ-1 and -3. The two binding modes require different C-terminal flanking residues and influence the binding strength to the same integrins.
- Second, the Arg residue in RGD can be replaced with other residues, most notably Lys, and it can also have a variable position taking advantage of the different side chain length of Lys compared to Arg. Since the interactions formed by Asp itself can be sufficient for biologically relevant binding, the positive charge of RGD can even be omitted in some functional motif instances.
- Third, integrins can bind their ligands in an inverted orientation using a reverse motif. In this case, the Asp residue has to be replaced by its mirror image pair, namely L-Asp. Under physiological conditions, Asn residues followed by Gly can spontaneously decay into L-Asp via spontaneous deamidation [Corti,2011; Curnis,2010]. Hence, NGR sequence regions can transform into isoDGR (where isoD represents L-Asp) and they can be actively converted back to NGR by the enzyme protein-L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (P22061). Natural ligands harbour either an RGD or an NGR motif and some ligands, such as fibronectin, contain both [Curnis,2006].
- Fourth, functional RGD-like motifs often occur in both disordered and ordered regions of proteins. This is in contrast with the notion that most functional short linear motifs reside in disordered protein segments as they need to structurally adapt to their binding partner. However, RGD-like motifs need to adopt a β-turn like conformation to fit into the binding pocket of integrins, and extended surface loops of ordered domains can effectively mimic this conformation. The ordered/disordered nature of an RGD-like motif can heavily influence its binding affinity. As an ordered motif does not lose much conformational entropy upon binding, RGD motifs achieving extremely low Kd values (such as disintegrins [Arruda Macedo,2015]) are most often part of ordered structure, leading to non-transient binding. In contrast, intrinsically flexible ligands such as osteopontin or nephronectin are often disordered to enable a more transient and reversible interaction.
o 6 selected references:

o 5 GO-Terms:

o 25 Instances for LIG_Integrin_RGD_1
(click table headers for sorting; Notes column: =Number of Switches, =Number of Interactions)
Acc., Gene-, NameStartEndSubsequenceLogic#Ev.OrganismNotes
Q8KMK0 lppT
Q8KMK0_9MOLU
462 464 KIDVVVDARGDVYKTVVANY TP 4 Mycoplasma conjunctivae
S0HPF7 pilY1
PILY1_PSEAW
619 621 GQDRVAFLRGDRSKENSDNF TP 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK
O25272 HP_0539
O25272_HELPY
76 78 IKKAAIALRGDLALLKANFE TP 11 Helicobacter pylori 26695
P12255 fhaB
FHAB_BORPE
1097 1099 AQGNVTVGRGDPHQGVLAQG TP 4 Bordetella pertussis Tohama I
P02751 FN1
FINC_HUMAN
1524 1526 ITVYAVTGRGDSPASSKPIS TP 3 Homo sapiens (Human)
4 
P03276 PIII
CAPSP_ADE02
340 342 EDMNDHAIRGDTFATRAEEK TP 1 Human adenovirus 2
P03305 
POLG_FMDVO
869 871 NRNAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVA TP 1 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (strain O1)
Q66578 
POLG_HPE1H
764 766 KVTSSRALRGDMANLTNQSP TP 1 Echovirus 22 (strain Harris)
1 
P21404 
POLG_CXA9
858 860 TTVAQSRRRGDMSTLNTHGA TP 3 Human coxsackievirus A9 (strain Griggs)
1 
P08721 Spp1
OSTP_RAT
144 146 PTVDVPDGRGDSLAYGLRSK TP 2 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
P29788 Vtn
VTNC_MOUSE
64 66 EQCKPQVTRGDVFTMPEDDY TP 2 Mus musculus (House mouse)
P21815 IBSP
SIAL_HUMAN
286 288 YESENGEPRGDNYRAYEDEY TP 2 Homo sapiens (Human)
P10451 SPP1
OSTP_HUMAN
159 161 PTVDTYDGRGDSVVYGLRSK TP 2 Homo sapiens (Human)
P04275 VWF
VWF_HUMAN
2507 2509 CEVVTGSPRGDSQSSWKSVG TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
P13839 Ibsp
SIAL_RAT
289 291 YDENNGEPRGDTYRAYEDEY TP 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
P17349 Zinc metallop
VME1_TRIEL
459 461 KRTICRRARGDNPDDRCTGQ TP 1 Protobothrops elegans
P62384 Disintegrin a
DISG_TRIAB
51 53 KGTICRRARGDDLDDYCNGI TP 1 Trimeresurus gramineus (Indian green tree viper)
P04004 VTN
VTNC_HUMAN
64 66 AECKPQVTRGDVFTMPEDEY TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
P04275 VWF
VWF_HUMAN
698 700 PPGLYMDERGDCVPKAQCPC U 0 Homo sapiens (Human)
P31096 SPP1
OSTP_BOVIN
152 154 PTESANDGRGDSVAYGLKSR TP 1 Bos taurus (Cattle)
P02887 dscC-1
DIS1B_DICDI
79 81 FMCVALQGRGDHDQWVTSYK TP 1 Dictyostelium discoideum
P17495 Disintegrin t
DISB_TRIGA
51 53 KGTICRRARGDDLDDYCNGR TP 1 Trimeresurus gramineus (Indian green tree viper)
O43854 EDIL3
EDIL3_HUMAN
96 98 TCEISEAYRGDTFIGYVCKC TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
P11276 Fn1
FINC_MOUSE
2181 2183 EVQIGHVPRGDVDYHLYPHV U 0 Mus musculus (House mouse)
P11276 Fn1
FINC_MOUSE
1614 1616 ITLYAVTGRGDSPASSKPVS TP 1 Mus musculus (House mouse)
Please cite: The Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource: 2022 release. (PMID:34718738)

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