The Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource for
Functional Sites in Proteins
Accession:
Functional site class:
Sumoylation site
Functional site description:
Sumoylation is a common PTM of nuclear proteins that affects their functional status. SUMO belongs to the large multiprotein family of Ubiquitin-like proteins. The sumoylation modification is achieved by a typical E1-, E2- and E3-ligase based system. Many transcription factors, chromatin proteins and proteins involved in other nuclear functions as well as the nuclear pores are sumoylated. Sumoylation is known to cause dramatic rearrangements of the subnuclear location of modified proteins.
ELMs with same func. site: LIG_KEPE_1  LIG_KEPE_2  LIG_KEPE_3  MOD_SUMO_for_1  MOD_SUMO_rev_2 
ELM Description:
The inverted version (D/ExKphi) of the canonical MOD_SUMO_1 motif is used less commonly than the canonical motif. In comparison to the regular version (PhiKxE), the hydrophobic residue, while preferred, might not be essential. Also it might tolerate some positional flexibility. The acidic residue position is more tolerant than for the canonical motif so that, besides glutamic acid, aspartic acid is also allowed. The core of the motif is preceded by a run of residues that prefer negative charges, however no position is strongly conserved. The reversed motif was first mentioned by Matic et al. (Matic,2010) and also found by other high throughput studies (Tammsalu,2014, Impens,2014 and Hendriks,2014). Yung-Kang Lee et al. (Lee,2007) found the SUMOylation site DT(K)FS at position 804 in TRIM28 by a combination of proteomic screening and site- directed mutagenesis. These findings have been confirmed by another study (Ivanov,2007). It is possible, that the canonical motif (PhiKxE) and the inverted motif (D/ExK) can sometimes be overlapping. For example, the SUMOylation site EV(K)AE at position 486 of PARK1 (Messner,2009) fits both motifs. Without a crystal structure, it would not be possible to determine the binding orientation of these instances. There is no crystal structure of a complex involving SUMO and a reverse motif available yet. The ELM pattern may not be optimal and is likely to be improved when a more precise experimental description becomes available.
Pattern: [SDE].{0,5}[DE].(K).{0,1}[AIFLMPSTV]
Pattern Probability: 0.0128026
Present in taxon: Eukaryota
Interaction Domain:
UQ_con (PF00179) Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (Stochiometry: 1 : 1)
o See 20 Instances for MOD_SUMO_rev_2
o Abstract
The SUMO proteins are Small Ubiquitin-related MOdifiers that are covalently conjugated onto lysine residues within target proteins (Tang,2008, Anckar,2007, Geiss-Friedlander,2007). Invertebrates have a single SUMO gene, whereas the SUMO family in vertebrates has three members; SUMO-1, SUMO-2, and SUMO-3. The SUMO proteins are synthesized as inactive precursors, which are processed by SUMO-specific carboxy-terminal hydrolases, resulting in novel double-glycine C-termini. The mature SUMO proteins are then activated by the Aos1/Uba2 activating enzyme (E1) and transferred to the Ubc9 conjugating enzyme (E2). Eventually, the SUMO protein is covalently linked to the target protein by the formation of an isopeptide bond between the carboxyl terminus of SUMO and an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein. The reaction is aided by an E3 ligase, e.g. mammalian PIAS1. This process, termed sumoylation, is reversible by certain SENP family desumoylating proteases.
Most sumoylated proteins are nuclear, and three main functional roles of SUMO have been proposed. (i) Protein targeting: sumoylation has been shown to be important for nuclear import of the RanGAP1 protein, and for recruiting proteins to subnuclear protein complexes (e.g. promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) to PML nuclear bodies). (ii) Enhancement of protein stability by potential competition with (and inhibition of) ubiquitination. (iii) Transcriptional control (e.g. negative regulation of transcription from the androgen receptor).
A core motif (PhiKxE) has been identified as the sumoylation target for SUMO-1 (Endter,2001, Poukka,2000, Sternsdorf,1999). SUMO-2/3 themselves contain a PhiKxE site, in contrast to SUMO-1, and can thus form polymeric chains (shown in vitro, and in vivo for SUMO-2) (Tatham,2001). The Crystal structure of a complex between SUMO-1, E2 Ligase UBC9, E3 Ligase RanGAP1 and the target protein RanBP2 (3UIP, Gareau,2012) shows, that the hydrophobic residue (leucine) and glutamic acid bind to the E2 ligase UBC9 and stabilize lysine, which fits into the catalytic pocket of UBC9. The E3 ligase RanGAP1 binds SUMO-1 with a SIM (SUMO interacting motif) LIG_SUMO_SIM_par_1 motif and stabilizes the N-terminus of SUMO-1 which also fits into the catalytic pocket of UBC9 where the covalent binding of SUMO-1 to RanBP2 takes place.
A number of reports in the literature suggest modified versions of the core motif (PhiKxE):
(i) KEPE motif (LIG_KEPE_1, LIG_KEPE_2 and LIG_KEPE_3): A bioinformatics survey of nuclear proteins revealed a common extended SUMO site, termed the KEPE motif (Diella,2008) in transcriptional and chromatin proteins. The function of the KEPE motif remains to be determined.
(ii) PDSM motif: A Phosphorylation-Dependent Sumo Motif (PhiKxExxSP) has been found (Hietakangas,2006) which consists of the core motif with a phosphorylation site. It was found to regulate sumoylation of the transcription regulators GATA-1, MEF2a and HFSs (Hietakangas,2006).
(iii) NDSM motif: Another extended version of the core motif is the NDSM (Negatively charged amino acid-Dependent Sumoylation Motif), which has clusters of acidic residues downstream from the core motif (Yang,2006). These acidic clusters help to increase the efficiency of sumoylation, for example for the transcription factor ELK-1.
Beside these modified versions of the core motif, multiple high throughput mass spectrometry studies (Matic,2010, Tammsalu,2014, Impens,2014, Hendriks,2014) have shown that an inverted version (E/DxK) of the motif is also used, but less commonly. Yung-Kang Lee et al. (Lee,2007) confirmed the inverted SUMOylation site in TRIM28 by a combination of proteomic screening and site- directed mutagenesis. These finding have also been confirmed by another study (Ivanov,2007). Currently there is no crystal structure of the inverted motif available. There are also some sumoylation sites that do not fit to either the canonical or the reverse motif. ELM annotators have noted that these seem to always be at sites in folded globular domains, raising the possibility that there is a structural motif at these sites, in contrast to the more typical short linear motifs.
o 20 selected references:

o 8 GO-Terms:

o 20 Instances for MOD_SUMO_rev_2
(click table headers for sorting; Notes column: =Number of Switches, =Number of Interactions)
Acc., Gene-, NameStartEndSubsequenceLogic#Ev.OrganismNotes
Q96JM2 ZNF462
ZN462_HUMAN
15 21 CDFRAPSYEDLKAHIQDVHT TP 4 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
Q8WUA2 PPIL4
PPIL4_HUMAN
214 219 EVEEIKAEKEAKTQAILLEM TP 4 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
Q8ND82 ZNF280C
Z280C_HUMAN
2 7 MDDDKPFQPKNISKMAELFM TP 4 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
Q00839 HNRNPU
HNRPU_HUMAN
262 267 RGYFEYIEENKYSRAKSPQP TP 8 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
P49792 RANBP2
RBP2_HUMAN
2568 2572 SSVAQSGSESKVEPKKCELS TP 5 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
P49792 RANBP2
RBP2_HUMAN
2588 2593 KNSDIEQSSDSKVKNLFASF TP 4 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
O75152 ZC3H11A
ZC11A_HUMAN
111 116 TVPESPEEEVKASQLSVQQN TP 8 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
O75152 ZC3H11A
ZC11A_HUMAN
475 479 EVHIKTLEEIKLEKALRVQQ TP 8 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
Q9Y2X9 ZNF281
ZN281_HUMAN
790 797 SSQKLTSQKEQKNLESSTGF TP 8 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
Q9H4L7 SMARCAD1
SMRCD_HUMAN
73 79 SVPETPDNERKASISYFKNQ TP 8 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
Q96QT6 PHF12
PHF12_HUMAN
462 469 WDSEQTEKADIKPVIVTDSS TP 8 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
Q14151 SAFB2
SAFB2_HUMAN
246 254 AQDTSSVGPDRKLAEEEDLF TP 8 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
P06748 NPM1
NPM_HUMAN
245 249 PKGPSSVEDIKAKMQASIEK TP 12 Homo sapiens (Human)
1 
Q9Y4W2 LAS1L
LAS1L_HUMAN
228 236 TEQKPEPQDDGKSTESDVKA TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
Q9Y2W1 THRAP3
TR150_HUMAN
447 453 RKESEFDDEPKFMSKVIGAN TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
Q14151 SAFB2
SAFB2_HUMAN
387 393 MSSFKEEKDIKPIIKDEKGR TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
P63165 SUMO1
SUMO1_HUMAN
3 8 MSDQEAKPSTEDLGDKKEGE TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
Q6NZI2 PTRF
PTRF_HUMAN
158 163 FKVMIYQDEVKLPAKLSISK TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
P19338 NCL
NUCL_HUMAN
319 325 NLNFNKSAPELKTGISDVFA TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
Q07666 KHDRBS1
KHDR1_HUMAN
98 104 TASVKMEPENKYLPELMAEK TP 1 Homo sapiens (Human)
Please cite: The Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource: 2022 release. (PMID:34718738)

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